Panjabi/Panjabi

From the LDC Language Resource Wiki

Revision as of 16:27, 24 June 2009

[being edited, 2009-06-23]

General

This document pertains primarily to Eastern Panjabi (Gurmukhi). There is some material on Western Panjabi as well.

Dialects

Eastern Panjabi

(Information from Ethnologue, 2009-05-13)

• ISO 639-3 code: pan
• Spoken in: India: Punjab, Majhi in Gurdaspur and Amritsar districts, Bhatyiana in South Firozpur District; Rajasthan, Bhatyiana in north Ganganagar District; Haryana; Delhi; Jammu and Kashmir. Also spoken in Bangladesh and diaspora.
• Population: 27,109,000 in India
• Alternate names: Punjabi, Gurmukhi, Gurumukhi
• Dialects: Panjabi Proper, Majhi, Doab, Bhatyiana (Bhatneri, Bhatti), Powadhi, Malwa, Bathi. Western Panjabi is distinct from Eastern Panjabi, although there is a chain of dialects to Western Hindi (Urdu).
• Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Panjabi
• Script: Gur(u)mukhi and Devanagari

Western Panjabi

Information from Ethnologue, 2009-05-13

• ISO 639-3 code: pnb
• Spoken in: Mainly in the Punjab area of Pakistan.
• Population: 60,647,207 in Pakistan (2000 WCD).
• Alternate names: Western Punjabi, Lahnda, Lahanda, Lahndi
• Dialects: There is a continuum of varieties between Eastern and Western Panjabi, and with Western Hindi and Urdu. 'Lahnda' is a name given earlier for Western Panjabi; an attempt to cover the dialect continuum between Hindko, Pahari-Potwari, and Western Panjabi in the north and Sindhi in the south.
• Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda
• Script: Perso-Arabic

Linguistic notes

Writing

Eastern Panjabi is usually written with the Brahmi-derived Gurmukhi script, and sometimes, especially by Hindus, with Devanagari. Western Panjabi is usually written in Shahmukhi, a variant of the Arabic writing system very similar to the writing system of Urdu.

Linguistic resources

Grammars

Lexicons

• Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, U. of Chicago. "Singh, Maya. The Panjabi dictionary. Lahore, Munshi Gulab Singh & Sons, 1895. This title is currently being entered by a data entry contractor. The dictionary will be functional on this site by January 2009." [Accessed 2009-05-18]
• Punjabonline English <-> Punjabi Dictionary]. On-line; size unknown. Can toggle English or Punjabi data entry. Gurbani 8-bit encoding.
• Srigranth.org English to Punjabi Dictionary. On-line; medium size? Gurbani 8-bit encoding.
• Wiktionary (Panjabi). Monolingual. Gurmukhi script, Unicode.

Names

These sites do not distinguish names by sex.

• 5abi: 8-bit Gurbani encoding.
• Babynology: List of Panjabi baby names in Roman transliteration. (Each name appears twice, once for each sex.)
• Sikh Names. Transliteration, with meanings.
• Sushmajee: About 1000 names. Transliteration.

Monographs

Linguistic portals and bibliographies

• Bashir, Elena. Resources for the Study of Panjabi. SALRC. [Last modified Dec., 2006; most recent date in content is 2000]
• Indian Language Data Centre (ILDC), part of the Technology Development for Indian Languages project of the Indian Department of Information Technology.
• South Asia Language Resource Center at the University of Chicago (SALRC)

Encoding and Fonts

Before the development and general use of Unicode, computer use of Panjabi and other South Asian languages required special fonts using only one byte. Many of these fonts were specific to one website or another and used idiosyncratic encodings. To some extent that is still the case; and so this page includes some such sites (see News), and some resources for specific fonts and encoding converters.

Encodings

Unicode

The Unicode range for Gurmukhi is 0A00-0A7F.

• Panjabi.html Penn State info page; Penn State chart of Unicode Entity Codes for the Gurmukhi (Punjabi) Script (including OS X and Windows keyboard entry)
• Exnet, Andy White. "This site hosts documents relating to the encoding of Indic scripts. Most documents contain a bias towards the Bengali script (due to my own preferances)." (Last updated 10th March 2003)

ISCII

The Bureau of Indian Standards supports its own encoding standard. See ISCII.

Gurbani

An 8-bit encoding used by a number of sites.

Fonts

• Alan Wood’s Unicode Resources: Unicode fonts for Windows computers; search for Gurmukhi.
• ILDC. PNOT-Amar Normal, a Unicode font.
• SALRC:
  • Gurmukhi fonts, most of them available for free download
  • Input Schemes and Keyboard Layouts
  • information about Mac vs. PC vs. Linux rendering issues
• SikhNet. A wide variety of styles in the 8-bit Gurbani encoding, many credited to Kulbir S. Thind, M.D.
• Wazu Japan's Gallery of Unicode Gurmukhi fonts, and test page

Conversion

• GUCA: Gurmukhi Unicode Conversion Application. GNU GPL. Requires Microsoft .NET Framework. Converts ASCII encoded, font-based Gurmukhi text based on Dr. Thind's fonts (e.g. AnmolLipi, GurbaniLipi fonts) into Unicode. Also includes a custom mapping engine to add encodings. -- Although the site for "Dr. Thind's fonts" now uses Unicode, many other sites still use these 8-bit encodings. See SikhNet, above.
• Unicodify: From Lancaster University, producers of the Emille corpus. For Windows; source code available.

Transliteration

• Indian Language Converter. Type in Roman characters according to the Gurmukhi character chart on the page and get Gurmukhi text and HTML. On-web or download with GNU GPL. E.g.:

  Roman input: guramukhee
  Gurmukhi output: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ
  HTML output: &#2583;&#2625;&#2608;&#2606;&#2625;&#2582;&#2624;<br/>

Data Sources

Monolingual Text

• EMILLE corpus. Free license for non-profit research use.

News

• 5abi Partly Unicode, partly Gurbani.
• Ajit Weekly. Unicode.
• Quamiekta. Unicode.
• Sanjh Savera Panjabi newspaper from Canada. Gurbani encoding.
• Yahoo! India. Unicode.

Other

• Academy of the Punjab in North America: English, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi, but many of the texts are imaged.
• Eh Din. Sikh website, has archives.
• Rationalist Society of India Gurbani encoding.

Parallel Text

[being edited, 2009-06-23]

Speech

[being edited, 2009-06-23]

Video

[being edited, 2009-06-23]

Portals

• Academy of the Punjab in North America: Literature, forums, other. English, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi, but many of the texts are imaged.
• Punjabi Network: Forums, blogs, videos? Panjabi, romanized Panjabi, and English. Signup required for some features.

Tools and Other NLP Resources

Miscellaneous