View source

From the LDC Language Resource Wiki

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

• The action you have requested is limited to users in the group: Users.
• You do not have permission to edit pages in the Page namespace.
• This page has been locked to prevent editing.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

[[Main_Page|Home]] > [[Pashto]] <center> <font size=7>&#1662;&#1690;&#1578;&#1608;</font> <!-- taken from [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm Omniglot] Pashto header ALT text --> <font size=7>PASHTO</font></center> ==General== ''Pashto'' belongs to the Iranian subfamily of Indo-European. Its vocabulary includes many loans, chiefly from its Persian and Indo-Aryan neighbors, and from Arabic, especially via Islam. ===Dialects=== ISO 639-3 treats Pashto as a [http://www.sil.org/ISO639-3/documentation.asp?id=pus macrolanguage] with three varieties (Central, Northern, and Southern) (below). [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=2236-16 Ethnologue] treats [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wne Waneci] as a fourth, and [[#Overview|others]] (e.g., MacKenzie and UCLA) analyze the dialectology still differently. ===Language summary=== (Information based on [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pus Ethnologue] and [http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=pus ISO 639], 2009-08-06) * ISO 639-3 code: pus (macrolanguage) *Population: 20,304,734 *Alternate names: Pushto *Dialects: [[#Central Pashto|Central Pashto]] [pst], [[#Northern Pashto|Northern Pashto]] [pbu], [[#Southern Pashto|Southern Pashto]] [pbt] *Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern ====Central Pashto==== Information based on [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pst Ethnologue], 2009-08-06 * ISO 639-3 code: pst *Spoken in: Southern Pakistan (Wazirstan, Bannu, Karak, southern ethnic group territories and adjacent areas) *Population: 7,920,000. *Alternate names: Mahsudi *Dialects: Waciri (Waziri), Bannuchi (Bannochi, Bannu). *Script: Arabic. ====Northern Pashto==== Information based on [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu Ethnologue], 2009-08-06 * ISO 639-3 code: pbu *Spoken in: Pakistan (Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai, and Peshawar), Afghanistan (Central Ghilzai area), United Arab Emirates *Population: 9,720,700 *Alternate names: ** Pakistan: Pakhto, Pashtu, Pushto, Yusufzai Pashto ** Afghanistan: Afghan, Pakhtoo, Pakhtu, Paktu. Called ‘Pakhtoon’ in the north, ‘Pashtoon’ in the south. ** United Arab Emirates: Pakhtoo, Pashtu, Passtoo, Pushto, Pusto *Dialects: ** Pakistan: Ningraharian Pashto, Northeastern Pashto. ** Afghanistan: Northwestern Pakhto, Ghilzai, Durani. *Script: Arabic. ====Southern Pashto==== Information based on [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbt Ethnologue], 2009-08-06 * ISO 639-3 code: pbt *Spoken in: Pakistan (Balochistan, Quetta area), Afghanistan (Kandahar area), Iran (Khorasan on Afghanistan border east of Qa’en), Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates *Population: 2,680,100. *Alternate names: ** Pakistan: Pashtu, Pushto, Pushtu, Quetta-Kandahar Pashto ** Iran: Afghani, Paktu, Pashtu ** UAE: Afghan, Pakhtoo, Pakhtu, Paktu *Dialects: ** Pakistan: Southeastern Pashto, Quetta Pashto ** Afghanistan: Southwestern Pashto, Kandahar Pashto (Qandahar Pashto) *Script: Arabic. ===Linguistic notes=== ====Writing==== Pashto is written with a Perso-Arabic script, adapted from Persian script, which in turn was adapted from Arabic. There is a classical standard, but there have been divergences, in different directions, in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan has instituted a number of orthographic innovations since officializing Pashto, while Pakistani writing shows occasional influence from Urdu, as well as sometimes representing the "hard" dialect forms phonetically instead of phonologically. In addition, the educational level and varying dialect background of writers inevitably introduces further variation in texts. Like other scripts of Semitic origin, in most contexts Pashto indicates consonants only, except in special-purpose texts such as educational materials. As a result, the script is phonologically underspecified, and it is not in general possible to infer pronunciation from spelling. See [[#Identifying_Pashto|below]] for a list of Unicode Perso-Arabic characters that are probably unique to Pashto. * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/pashto.htm Omniglot] * [http://www.afghanan.net/pashto/pashto%20alifba.pdf Pashto Alphabets ''<nowiki>[i.e., letters]</nowiki>'' in Detail]. Perso-Arabic letters in all four positional forms, with Unicode name and code point, Pashto name with Roman transliteration, and languages using (Arabic, Pashto, Farsi). *:Note: Not complete with respect to Unicode 5.1: lists only code points named "ARABIC LETTER ...", and not all of those. Has at least one typo ("U+0623 Arabic Letter Zain" [should be U+06<u>32</u>]). ==Linguistic resources== ===Overview=== * MacKenzie, D.N. 1987. Pashto. [Transcription only.] In ''The World's Major Languages'', ed. Bernard Comrie, 1990, Oxford University Press; Chapter 26, pages 547-565. ISBN 978-0195065114. * [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=64&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project]. <small>''[Accessed 2009-08-6]''</small> ===Linguistic portals and bibliographies=== * [http://www.lonweb.org/link-pashto.htm Languages On The Web -- Portal for Pashto] * LINGUIST List resource pages ** [http://linguistlist.org/search/search-all-res2.cfm?res=All&AppLanguageId=4856&search1=search1 Northern Pashto] ** [http://linguistlist.org/search/search-all-res2.cfm?res=All&AppLanguageId=5102&search1=search1 Central Pashto] ** [http://linguistlist.org/search/search-all-res2.cfm?res=All&AppLanguageId=4855&search1=search1 Southern Pashto] * [http://www.upesh.edu.pk/academics/researchcenter/pashtoacademy/pashtoacademy.html Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar] * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/afghanistan/resources/afghanistan-language.html Portals to the World: Language and Literature]. ''[Afghanistan]'' (Library of Congress): <small>''[Accessed 2009-08-10 : Last update January 11, 2006]''</small> * SIL Bibliography ** [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbu Northern Pashto] ** [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pst Central Pashto] ** [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pbt Southern Pashto] * [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Search.aspx?MatID=0&LangID=64 UCLA Language Materials Project]. ===Grammar=== * Chavarría-Aguilar, O.L. 1962. ''Pashto Basic Course''. University of Michigan. ''[Afghanistan. Transcription only.]'' [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED014717&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED014717 ERIC #ED014717]. Prepared under Contract No. SAE-8888 between The University Of Michigan and the United States Office of Education. * Lorenz, Manfred. 1979, 1982. ''Lehrbuch des Pashto (Afghanisch)''. ''[Afghanistan]'' VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig. * Penzl, Herbert. 1955. ''A grammar of Pashto; a descriptive study of the dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan''. ''[Afghanistan. Transcription only.]'' Washington, American Council of Learned Societies. * Roos-Keppel, George Olof, and Qazi Abdul Ghani Khan. 1901. ''A manual of Pushtu''. London: Sampson Low, Marston. * Shafeev, D.A. 1964. ''A Short Grammatical Outline of Pashto''. Translated and edited by Herbert H. Paper. ''[Afghanistan. Transcription only.]'' Bloomington: Indiana University; The Hague: Mouton. * [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED399825 Tegey, Habibullah, and Robson, Barbara. 1996.] ''A Reference Grammar of Pashto.'' [Afghanistan] Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED399825&searchtype=basic&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b800ac2b6&accno=ED399825&_nfls=false ERIC #ED399825]. Developed with funding from Grant No. P017A50047-95 from the International Research and Studies Program of the US Department Of Education. ===Lexicon=== * Morgenstierne, Georg. 2003. ''A new etymological vocabulary of Pashto''; compiled and edited by J. Elfenbein, D.N. MacKenzie and Nicholas Sims-Williams. Transliteration only. Wiesbaden: Reichert. * [http://www.qamosona.com/download.php Qamosona English-Pashto Dictionary]. Ver. 1.0. 2005. ''[Afghanistan]''. {{hq|Based on the English to Pashto Dictionary, by Pashto Academy, Kabul, Afghanistan.}} About 22,000 words. Free download. Requirements: Windows XP, 2000, or Windows ME Arabic edition. * [http://www.yorku.ca/twainweb/troberts/pashto/pashlex1.html Penzl, Herbert]. ''[Afghanistan]'' Online Version 1.0, released November 1998. {{hq|This dictionary contains all of the words from the glossary of Herbert Penzl's ''A grammar of Pashto: A descriptive study of the dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan'' (Washington, DC: American Council of Learned Societies, 1955), pp. 154-165, which is available from [http://www.schoenhofs.com/ Schoenhof's Foreign Books]." Transliteration only. "An on-line key to the orthography is not yet available. In the meantime, please download the [http://www.yorku.ca/twainweb/troberts/pashto/lexicon.html Access database version] of this file, or consult Penzl (1955).}} * [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED364083 Tegey, Habibullah, and Robson, Barbara]. 1993. Pashto-English Glossary for the CAL Pashto Materials. ''[Afghanistan]'' Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Contract P017A90055. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED364083&searchtype=basic&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b8009c82d&accno=ED364083&_nfls=false ERIC #ED364083]. Pashto script and transliteration. PDF, imaged text. <small>''[Note on pagination: Original page 87 (PDF p.96) is followed by original pp.97, 88-96, 98, and the rest in sequence.]''</small> * [http://ps.wiktionary.org Wiktionary]. Unicode. Monolingual. 613 entries {{CC-BY-SA}},{{GFDL}} {{si|[[User:Mamandel|Mamandel]] 16:31, 3 May 2010 (UTC)}} ====Topical word lists==== * [http://www.babynology.com/Pashtun_babynames.html Babynology]: List of Pashto names in Roman transliteration ===Monographs=== * [http://www.crulp.org/English%20Site/..%5CPublication%5CCrulp_report%5CCR03_15E.pdf Ijaz, Madiha]. Phonemic Inventory of Pashto. 2003. ''[Pakistan: Yusufzai dialect, in and around Peshawar. Transcription only.]'' [http://www.crulp.org/research/reports/streport03.htm Annual Student Report 2002-2003], Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing. The PDF apparently does not include fonts; many of the transcription characters are missing. ===Educational software=== * [http://www.kodakan.se Kodakan]. Educational software in Pashto and Dari. ==Encoding and Fonts== The Unicode range for Arabic script is [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0600.pdf 0600-06FF]. See also [[Pashto/Pashto#Writing|Writing]]. ====Input==== * [http://www.qamosona.com/download.php Pashto Phonetic Keyboard]. For typing Pashto in Windows XP, 2000, or ME (Arabic Edition). Free download. ==Data Sources== Most of the text available is evidently monolingual. Parallel text is noted for some entries. ===Magazines=== * [http://farda.org FARDA]. ''(Description from [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/afghanistan/resources/afghanistan-language.html Library of Congress])'' Published bimonthly by the Afghans’ Pen Club in Stockholm. A critical, social, and cultural magazine committed to democratic ideals. Links to articles, contributors, activities, and more. Articles in Swedish, Pashto, and Dari; general information in English. ===News=== * [http://pa.azadiradio.org/ Azadi Radio]. Pashto service of Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pashto/index.shtml BBC]. * [http://www.benawa.com/ Benawa]. Noted as "very close to Yusufzai Pashto" (June 2006). * [http://pushtu.cri.cn/ CRI] (China Radio International). * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/0,,639,00.html?id=639 Deutsche Welle]. * [http://www.killid.com/ Killid] news portal. * [http://rta.org.af/ RTA]: National Radio and Television of Afghanistan. * [http://www.sabawoon.com/ Sabawoon Online]. ''[Afghanistan]'' * [http://www.voanews.com/pashto/ Voice of America]. * [http://www.wahdat.net Wahdat]. Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan. Dated by Persian calendar. <small>''[Our 2006 downloads contain an expected proportion of Pashto-specific characters, but fresh downloads as of 2009-08-11 have no such, even for archived articles from the same epoch. This may be an artifact of text conversion.]''</small> ===Literature=== * [http://dastanona.com/ Dastanona]. Bimonthly magazine of Pashto fiction submitted by Afghan authors worldwide. Published in Kabul. Also has index pages and content in English, German, French, Russian, and Dari; some is parallel. * [http://www.pakhton.8k.com/ D'Zra Dardoona]. "Afflictions of the Heart: Poetic collections of Aminullah Zmaryalai". (imaged book pages) * [http://www.khyber.org/pashtolanguage.shtml Khyber.org]. Proverbs, short stories (some in English), jokes, poetry. * [http://www.afghanan.net/pashto/landay/ Landay]. Traditional couplets, with English translation. (imaged text) (The "table of contents" lists the categories in Pashto, transcription, and English translation, but the links to the text pages are in the corresponding frame on the right, labeled only in Pashto.) ===Miscellaneous=== * [http://www.afghanbooks.freeservers.com/ Afghan Mental Health]: ''The Journal of Mental Health: Vol. 1, Issue 1, 2001.'' A magazine publication of Kabul University/Psychotrauma Centre. (imaged pages) * [http://www.afghanpoet.4t.com/ Masood Peganai] - Salzburg (Austria) based Afghan site. Mostly imaged pages. * [http://www.matalona.tk/ PashtonMatalona]. * [http://ps.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]. Unicode. 1,617 articles {{CC-BY-SA}},{{GFDL}} {{si|[[User:Mamandel|Mamandel]] 16:31, 3 May 2010 (UTC)}} ===Speech=== See also [[Pashto/Pashto#News|News]]. * [http://www.thekillidgroup.com/c/divisions/radio.htm Killid Group]: radio stations in Kabul and Herat. * [http://radiostationworld.com/locations/Afghanistan/radio_websites.asp Radio Station World]. Many listings. ==Portals== * [http://www.afghan-network.net/Ethnic-Groups/pashtu-history.html Afghan Network]. <!-- <br>'''Malware warnings''': See ''Afghan News Channel'' above under [[#News|News]]. -- Malware warning removed. ~~~~ Google Safe Browsing says: "This site is not currently listed as suspicious. Over the past 90 days, afghan-network.net did not appear to function as an intermediary for the infection of any sites... or host[ed] malicious software."--> {{si|Malware warning removed. [[User:Mamandel|Mamandel]] 2010-07-19}} * [http://afghanan.net Afghanan.net]: Mostly in English. * [http://afg-info.com Afghanistan Information Centre]: Many links, organized as General, Government & Political Groups, Organizations, Reconstruction and Development, Tourism, and so on. Some are labeled with the languages they are in, Pashto among them. * [http://www.pashto.org/chaikhaana/ Chai Khaana]: online Pashtun community * [http://www.hewad.com/ Hewad Afghanistan]; [http://www.hewad.com/pashto/ Pashto home page]. News, articles, literature. <small>''[Accessed 2009-08-10]''</small> * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/afghanistan/afghanistan.html Portals to the World: Afghanistan] (Library of Congress): <small>''[Accessed 2009-08-10 : Last update January 9, 2006]''</small> * [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&links=64 UCLA Language Materials Project] Pashto: Language & Culture ==Tools and Other NLP Resources== ===Identifying Pashto=== The following Perso-Arabic characters are probably unique to Pashto: {| cellspacing="4" cellpadding="2" border="1" !align="left" width="10"| Code !align="center" | Glyph !align="left" | Unicode Name |- | U+0659 || align="center" | &#x0659; || ARABIC ZWARAKAY |- | U+067C || align="center" | &#x067C; || ARABIC LETTER TEH WITH RING |- | U+0685 || align="center" | &#x0685; || ARABIC LETTER HAH WITH THREE DOTS ABOVE |- | U+0689 || align="center" | &#x0689; || ARABIC LETTER DAL WITH RING |- | U+0693 || align="center" | &#x0693; || ARABIC LETTER REH WITH RING |- | U+0696 || align="center" | &#x0696; || ARABIC LETTER REH WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE |- | U+069A || align="center" | &#x069A; || ARABIC LETTER SEEN WITH DOT BELOW AND DOT ABOVE |- | U+06AB || align="center" | &#x06AB; || ARABIC LETTER KAF WITH RING |- | U+06BC || align="center" | &#x06BC; || ARABIC LETTER NOON WITH RING |} [[Category:Pashto|Pashto]]

Return to Pashto/Pashto.